ʻEkolu mau hōʻailona e pono ai ʻoe e makaʻala i ke koho ʻana iā PAM

PolyacrylamideʻO (PAM) kahi flocculant polymer organik i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke kahua o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai. ʻO nā ʻōkuhi loea o PAM e pili ana i ka ionicity, ke kekelē hydrolysis, ke kaumaha molekala, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. He hopena koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻōkuhi i ka hopena flocculation o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau ʻōkuhi e kōkua iā ʻoe e koho koke i nā huahana PAM me nā kikoʻī kūpono.

ʻO Lonicity

ʻO Lonicity ke ʻano inā he mau uku maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole paha ke kaulahao molekala PAM. He hopena koʻikoʻi ko ke kekelē o ka ionization i ka hopena flocculation o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ionicity, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena flocculation. ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o nā uku o nā kaulahao molekala PAM ionic kiʻekiʻe a hiki ke omo maikaʻi i nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, e hoʻoulu ana iā lākou e hōʻuluʻulu pū e hana i nā flocs nui aʻe.

Ua māhele nui ʻia ka Polyacrylamide i nā ʻano anionic (APAM), cationic (CPAM), a me nā ʻano non-ionic (NPAM) ma muli o ko lākou ionicity. He ʻokoʻa nā hopena o kēia mau ʻano ʻekolu o PAM. I nā noi hana, pono e koho ʻia ka ionicity kūpono ma muli o nā mea e like me ka waiwai pH o ka wai i mālama ʻia, ka electronegativity, a me ka nui o nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia. No ka laʻana, no ka wai hoʻoheheʻe waikawa, pono e koho ʻia ka PAM me ka cationicity kiʻekiʻe; no ka wai hoʻoheheʻe alkaline, pono e koho ʻia ka PAM me ka anionicity kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi hopena flocculation maikaʻi aʻe, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ma ke kāwili ʻana i ka PAM me nā kekelē ionic like ʻole.

Kekelē o ka Hydrolysis (no APAM)

ʻO ke kekelē o ka hydrolysis o PAM e pili ana i ke kekelē o ka hydrolysis o nā hui amide ma kona kaulahao molekala. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kekelē o ka hydrolysis i nā kekelē haʻahaʻa, waena, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hydrolysis. ʻO ka PAM me nā kekelē hydrolysis like ʻole he mau waiwai a me nā hoʻohana like ʻole.

ʻO ka PAM me kahi haʻahaʻa o ka hydrolysis e hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka mānoanoa a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. Hoʻonui ia i ka viscosity o ka hopena, e ʻae ana i nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e hoʻopuehu maikaʻi. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā wai ʻeli, nā uhi, a me ka ʻoihana meaʻai.

Loaʻa i ka PAM me kahi pae waena o ka hydrolysis kahi hopena flocculation maikaʻi a kūpono no nā ʻano hana wai like ʻole. Hiki iā ia ke hōʻuluʻulu i nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e hana i nā flocs nui aʻe ma o ka adsorption a me ke bridging, a laila e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻonohonoho wikiwiki. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma nā kahua o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino o ke kūlanakauhale, ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino o nā ʻoihana, a me ka dehydration sludge.

ʻO ka PAM me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hydrolysis he ikaika adsorption a me decolorization hiki ke hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka paʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. Hiki iā ia ke adsorb a wehe i nā mea ʻino i loko o ka wai ʻino, e like me nā dyes, nā metala kaumaha, a me nā mea organik, ma o nā uku a me nā hui adsorption ma ke kaulahao polymer.

Kaumaha Molekala

ʻO ke kaumaha molekala o PAM e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o kona kaulahao molekala. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaumaha molekala, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena flocculation o PAM. ʻO kēia no ka mea hiki i ka PAM kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻopili maikaʻi i nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, e hōʻuluʻulu ana iā lākou e hana i nā flocs nui aʻe. I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka PAM kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ke kaulahao ʻana, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa o ka floc.

Ma nā hana kūpono, ʻo ke kaumaha molekala o PAM i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino o ke kūlanakauhale a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino o nā ʻoihana e koi ana i nā koi kiʻekiʻe aʻe, ma ke ʻano he miliona a i ʻumi miliona. ʻO nā koi kaumaha molekala o PAM i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe sludge he haʻahaʻa loa ia, ma ke ʻano he miliona a i ʻumi miliona.

I ka hopena, ʻo nā ʻōkuhi e like me ka ionicity, ke kekelē hydrolysis, a me ke kaumaha molekala nā mea nui e hoʻopilikia i ka hopena o ka hoʻopili ʻana o PAM i ka mālama wai. I ke koho ʻana i nā huahana PAM, pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo pono i ka maikaʻi o ka wai a koho e like me nā ʻōkuhi loea PAM e loaʻa ai ka hopena flocculation maikaʻi loa, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono, a me ka maikaʻi o ka mālama wai.