ʻO ke komo ʻana i ka wai inu maʻemaʻe, palekana, a me ke kumu kūʻai kūpono kekahi o nā pahuhopu olakino lehulehu koʻikoʻi ma Latin America. He mea nui nā hopena mālama wai kūpono no ka pale ʻana i nā kānaka a me nā kaiaolaola. Ma waena o nā coagulants like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai inu,ʻO ka Polyaluminium Chloride(PAC) kekahi o nā koho kaulana loa ma muli o kona pono kiʻekiʻe, kūpono i ke kumukūʻai, a me ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi wai like ʻole.
E hoʻolauna kēia ʻatikala pehea e koho ai i ka papa PAC kūpono no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai inu ma ʻAmelika Latina - e noʻonoʻo ana i nā lula kūloko, nā ʻano wai maka, a me ke kaulike kumukūʻai-pōmaikaʻi - e kōkua i nā mea hoʻolaha, nā mea hana hale hana, a me nā keʻena wai e hoʻoholo i nā hoʻoholo kūʻai naʻauao.
He aha ka PAC a no ke aha i hoʻohana ʻia ai i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai inu
ʻO ka Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) he polymer inorganicMea hoʻohuihui, hoʻohana nui ʻia e wehe i ka turbidity, ke kala a me nā haumia organik mai ka wai maka. ʻAʻole e like me ka alumini sulfate kuʻuna (alum), hiki i ka PAC ke hana pono ma luna o kahi pae pH ākea a hana i nā flocs ikaika a paʻa, no laila e noho wikiwiki.
I ka mālama ʻana i ka wai inu, ʻo PAC, ma ke ʻano he coagulant nui, e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻāpana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, nā colloids a me nā mea organik kūlohelohe, e hiki ai ke wehe maʻalahi ʻia ma o ka sedimentation a me ka filtration.
ʻO nā pono nui o ka PAC ma luna o ka alum kuʻuna:
Hana pono ia i loko o kahi pae pH ākea (5.0-9.0).
Pono kahi mahele haʻahaʻa
E hana i ka alumini koena liʻiliʻi
E hoʻemi i ka nui o ka sludge
Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana kānana a me ka moakāka
ʻO kēia mau ʻano e kūpono loa ai ka PAC no nā kumu wai o luna e like me nā muliwai, nā waihona wai a me nā loko - he mea maʻamau ia ma nā ʻāina ʻAmelika Latina.
E hoʻomaopopo i nā māka PAC like ʻole
Hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia nā māka a me nā kikoʻī o ka PAC (Polyaluminium chloride) ma muli o ka ʻike o kāna mau ʻāpana nui a me nā ʻano noi. ʻOiai hiki i nā kūlana hana o PAC ke lilo i mau kūlana aupuni, nā kūlana ʻoihana a i ʻole nā kūlana hana, hiki ke ʻokoʻa iki nā kikoʻī kikoʻī, akā ʻo nā ʻōkuhi ana nui he ao holoʻokoʻa.
Eia nā māka nui a me nā ʻōkuhi kikoʻī o Yuncang PAC:
| Mea | PAC-I | PAC-D | PAC-H | PAC-M | PAC-G |
| helehelena | Pauka melemele | Pauka melemele | Pauka keʻokeʻo | Pauka waiū | Pauka keʻokeʻo waiū |
| ʻIke (%, Al2O3) | 29±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 |
| Kumu (%) | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 |
| Mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻole i ka wai (%) | 1.0 MAX | 0.6 MAX | 0.6 MAX | 0.6 MAX | 0.6 MAX |
| pH | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 |
PAC-D
He PAC wai inu melemele māmā me ka nui o nā metala kaumaha haʻahaʻa, kūpono no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai inu. Hāʻawi ia i ka pono coagulation maikaʻi loa a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻoihana maʻamau.
PAC-H
He PAC pauka keʻokeʻo maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai inu, ka wai hoʻoneoneo ʻoihana, ka electroplating, a me ka hana pepa. Hāʻawi ia i ka mōakāka maikaʻi loa a me ka alumini koena liʻiliʻi.
PAC-M
He koho keʻokeʻo waiū, kūpono i ke kumukūʻai ma mua o ka PAC-H me ka hana like i nā noi mālama wai inu a me nā ʻoihana.
PAC-G
He huahana PAC hanauna hou e hāʻawi ana i ka pono mālama kiʻekiʻe ma mua o PAC-H ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka hoʻokele waiwai ma mua o PAC-H a me PAC-M.
PAC-I
He pauka melemele, PAC papa ʻoihana i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā ʻano hana hoʻōla wai ʻino like ʻole, me ka lole, ka ʻili, ka paʻi ʻana, ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, a me ka ʻeli ʻana i ka muliwai. Me ke kumu kiʻekiʻe, hana maikaʻi loa ka PAC-I i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai turbidity kiʻekiʻe a hāʻawi i kahi lakio kumukūʻai-hana maikaʻi loa.
Nā Pilikia o ka Wai Inu ma ʻAmelika Latina
ʻOkoʻa loa nā kūlana o ka maikaʻi o ka wai ma ʻAmelika Latina ma muli o ka ʻāina, e hoʻohuli ana i ke koho ʻana o ka pae PAC a me ka hoʻolālā dosage.
Eia kekahi mau laʻana o nā kūlana wai maʻamau a me nā pilikia mālama ʻana ma nā ʻāina koʻikoʻi:
| ʻĀina | Nā ʻano maʻamau o ka wai maka | Paʻakikī Koʻikoʻi |
| Palakila | ʻO ke kūpikipikiʻō kiʻekiʻe, ke kala, a me nā mea olaola mai nā muliwai wela | ʻO ka loli o ke kau a me ka ukana organik |
| ʻAlekina | ʻO ka turbidity kaulike a me ka pālolo colloidal | Ka loli ʻana o ka pH, ka loli ʻana o ka mahana |
| Kili | Wai ʻilikai mai Andes me ka turbidity haʻahaʻa | Mahana anu, e koi ana i ka coagulation kūpono |
| Pelū | Wai mauna me ka haʻahaʻa o ka mineral | Hoʻoponopono i ka pH a me ka alkalinity |
| Kolomepia | Nā muliwai kūlanakauhale me nā mea haumia organik a me nā ʻoihana | COD a me ka wehe ʻana i ke kala |
Eia kekahi mau laʻana o nā kūlana wai maʻamau a me nā pilikia mālama ʻana ma nā ʻāina koʻikoʻi:
ʻO ka maʻalahi o ka PAC ma waena o ka mahana a me nā kūlana pH e kūpono ai ia no kēia mau ʻano like ʻole.
ʻo kahi laʻana:
Ma Brazil, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka PAC 10% wai no nā ʻōnaehana kūlanakauhale ma muli o kāna hana paʻa i nā kau ua.
Ma Chile a me Peru, hāʻawi ka PAC kiʻekiʻe-kumu (85-90%) i ka coagulation wikiwiki i ka wai mauna haʻahaʻa wela.
Polyaluminum Chloride: Nā Rula a me nā Kūlana Kūlana ma ʻAmelika Latina
No ka mālama ʻana i ka wai inu ma ʻAmelika Latina, pono ka PAC e mālama i nā kūlana palekana aupuni a me ka honua.
ʻO nā kuhikuhi hoʻoponopono maʻamau e komo pū ana me:
Palakila:ʻO ke kūlana hoʻohuihui wai inu ABNT NBR 15784 / ANVISA
ʻAjentina a me Kile:Nā Alakaʻi no ke Koena Aluminiuma o ke Kuhina Ola (<0.2 mg/L)
Mekiko:NOM-127-SSA1-2021 (Ka nui o ka alumini 0.2 mg/L)
WHO (ʻAhahui Ola Honua): Koena alumini i loko o ka wai i mālama ʻia <0.2 mg/L
ʻO nā huahana PAC kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai inu he mau ʻano maʻamau kēia:
ʻO ka nui o nā mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (<0.1%)
Haʻahaʻa ka nui o ka hao (<0.005%)
Kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka Al₂O₃ (≥30%)
Pono nā mea kūʻai aku e hōʻoia i ka hāʻawi ʻana o kā lākou mea hoʻolako PAC i nā palapala hōʻoia NSF/ANSI 60, REACH a i ʻole ISO 9001 e hōʻoia i ka hiki ke hahai ʻia nā huahana a me ke kūpaʻa i ka palekana.
E koho i ka PAC kūpono ma muli o nā kūlana kūloko
I ke koho ʻana i ka PAC no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai inu, pono nā mea hoʻolaha a me nā ʻenekinia e noʻonoʻo i nā kumu nui ʻekolu:
· Kumu wai a me nā ʻano
Wai ʻilikai (nā muliwai, nā waihona wai): E hoʻohana i ka PAC alkalinity waena a kiʻekiʻe (70-85%) e mālama i ka turbidity kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea organik.
Wai lepo a wai puna paha: ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka PAC alkalinity haʻahaʻa (60-70%) hiki ke hoʻokō i ka coagulation mālie a hōʻemi i ke koena alumini.
· Hoʻolālā hale hana a me ka ʻōnaehana dosing
No nā hale hana nui o ke kūlanakauhale: ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻohuihui ʻakomi ʻana i ka Liquid PAC (10-18%) a hōʻemi i ka ʻike ʻia o ka lepo.
No nā wahi kua'āina a i ʻole nā ʻōnaehana decentralized: Loaʻa i ka Powdered PAC nā ʻano o kahi ola mālama lōʻihi a me ka lawe maʻalahi.
· Ka mahana a me nā ʻokoʻa o ke kau
Ma nā wahi wela (Brazil, Colombia), hoʻohana ʻia ka PAC maʻamau me ka alkalinity moderate.
Ma nā wahi anuanu (e like me Chile a me ka hema o Argentina), hiki i ka PAC me kahi alkalinity kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻonui i ka pono o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā flocs ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa.
Pehea e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻolaha PAC ke noho hoʻokūkū
I mea e hoʻokūkū mau ai i ka mākeke mālama wai o ʻAmelika Latina, pono nā mea hoʻolaha:
E hana pū me nā mea hilinaʻiNā mea hana PACe hoʻolako i ka lako paʻa a me ke kākoʻo loea.
E hāʻawi i ke alakaʻi kūloko no ka nui o ka lāʻau a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā kini.
E hoʻolako i nā pūʻolo wehe a me nā pūʻolo liʻiliʻi no nā mea hoʻolaha kūloko.
E hōʻike i ka palapala hōʻoia (NSF, REACH, ISO) a me ka kaohi maikaʻi hiki ke hahai ʻia ma ka lepili huahana.
Me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike o ka poʻe i ka palekana wai a me ka hoʻopukapuka kālā a ke aupuni i nā ʻoihana, manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomau ka piʻi ʻana o ke koi no ka wai inu PAC ma ʻAmelika Latina. Ma ke koho ʻana i nā huahana PAC kiʻekiʻe, hōʻoia ʻia a me ka mālama ʻana iā lākou i ke ʻano kūpono a me ka hoʻopili ʻana, hiki i nā mea hoʻolaha ke hana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ke olakino lehulehu a me ka palekana o ke kaiapuni ma ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa.
Hiki iā Yuncang ke hoʻolako i nā ʻano PAC like ʻole. Inā pono, e kipa aku i:Nā kikoʻī o ka Polyaluminum Chloride
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-05-2025